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Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

Casd U. S. USA Badge Order ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL USA WW12 Full Set+Case

UNITED STATES ARMY CERTIFICATE OF MERIT MEDAL. The Certificate of Merit Medal was a military decoration of the United States Army that was issued between the years of 1905 and 1918. The Certificate of Merit Medal replaced the much older Certificate of Merit which was authorized by the United States Congress on March 3, 1847. In 1905, a medal was created for those holding a Certificate of Merit and called the Certificate of Merit Medal. This medal was authorized for wear on a United States military uniform. It was always worn following the Medal of Honor, before all campaign medals. The first recipient of the Certificate of Merit Medal was First Lieutenant William B. Baker, who was presented medal No. 1 on 30 December 1907. Baker had received an original Certificate of Merit as a Corporal during the Spanish-American War on 13 August 1898. The last act recognized by a Certificate of Merit was May 1918, when Corporal Paul Scaletta made a water rescue of soldiers in dangerous surf conditions at Ocean Beach, California. The last soldier to be awarded the Certificate of Merit Medal was George Arrington for his service while a Private with the 24th Infantry Regiment in 1889. He was awarded medal No. 361 and subsequently converted it to a Distinguished Service Cross. Do not miss it! Certificate of Merit Medal. +Made in USA Medal Case. Diameter of the Medal: about 33mm. A fantastic part of US military history is not to be missed at this low listing price. It would be extremely hard to find a much better example than these medals, medals weigh a bit!! Tmedals-com – only top quality medals – since 2002.

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award

German Germany Antique WW1 Colonial Medal Badge Pin Award. Original German WW1 Colonial Badge. Listing and template services provided by inkFrog.

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

Ww2 Usn Medal Rack +myers Sterling Silver Enlisted Sub Badge- Real Thing

PLEASE FOLLOW OUR E BAY STORE. SALE SEE OUR STORE. PLEASE READ WHOLE ADD. We do not want your feed back. We want your repeat business. We get that by posting new items at a fair price. SUB BADGE MADE BY MYERS. Main article: Allied submarines in the Pacific War. Japanese freighter Nittsu Maru sinks after being torpedoed by USS Wahoo. On 21 March 1943. Doctrine in the inter-war years emphasized the submarine as a scout for the battle fleet, and also extreme caution in command. Both these axioms were proven wrong after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The submarine skippers of the fleet boats of World War II. Waged a very effective campaign. Against Japanese merchant vessels, eventually repeating and surpassing Germany’s initial success during the Battle of the Atlantic. Against the United Kingdom. Size of Japanese merchant fleet during World War II (all figures in tons). End of period total. During the war, submarines of the United States Navy. Were responsible for 55% of Japan’s merchant marine. Losses; other Allied navies added to the toll. The Navy adopted an official policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. And it appears the policy was executed without the knowledge or prior consent of the government. The London Naval Treaty. To which the U. Required submarines to abide by prize rules. (commonly known as “cruiser rules”). It did not prohibit arming merchantmen. But arming them, or having them report contact with submarines or raiders. , made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules. This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot. Navy submarines also conducted reconnaissance patrols, landed special forces. Troops and performed search and rescue. Only 1.6 percent of the total U. Naval manpower was responsible for America’s success on its Pacific high seas; more than half of the total tonnage sunk was credited to U. The tremendous accomplishments of American submarines were achieved at the expense of 52 subs with 374 officers and 3,131 enlisted volunteers lost during combat against Japan; Japan lost 128 submarines during the Second World War in Pacific waters. American casualty counts represent 16 percent of the U. Operational submarine officer corps and 13 percent of its enlisted force. Rescuing a pilot from USS Bunker Hill. In addition to their commerce raiding role, submarines also proved valuable in air-sea rescue. While in command of United States Navy. 50.1 Rear Admiral. Commander of Pacific Fleet Submarine Force. That submarines be stationed near targeted islands during aerial attacks. In what became known as the “Lifeboat League”, pilots were informed that they could ditch. Their damaged planes near these submarines or bail out. Nearby and be rescued by them. Initially, the rescue submarines met several obstacles, most important of which was the lack of communication between the submarines and aircraft in the area; this led to several Lifeguard League submarines being bombed or strafed. Possibly including the sinking of USS Seawolf (SS-197). And USS Dorado (SS-248). Airmen rescued by submarines during World War II. Days on Lifeguard station. As fighting in the Pacific theater. Intensified and broadened in geographic scope, the eventual creation of Standing Operating Procedure. (SOP TWO) led to several improvements such as the assignment of nearby submarines before air attacks, and the institution of reference points to allow pilots to report their location in the clear. After the capture of the Marianas. Targets such as Tokyo, about 1,500 mi (2,400 km) north of the Marianas. Were brought within range of B-29 attacks and Lifeguard League submarines began rescue operations along their flight paths. Submarine lifeguards spent a combined 3,272 days on rescue duty and rescued 502 men. Famous examples include the rescue of 22 airmen by the USS Tang. And the rescue of future U. By the USS Finback (SS-230).

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Cased U. S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for Woman Female Order Badge WW12 Rare

Presidential Medal of Freedom, Woman Female Version Rare. US Presidential Medal of Freedom. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is-along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal, bestowed by an act of U. Congress-the highest civilian award of the United States. It recognizes those individuals who have made “an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors”. The award is not limited to U. Citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. It was established in 1963 and replaced the earlier Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S Truman in 1945. Luxurious white, blue and red enameled. Hand-sewing ribbon and snap-fasteners. Do not miss them! The complete set contains. Presidential Medal of Freedom Medal Woman Version. Presidential Medal of Freedom small Medal with Ribbon. US Presidential Medal of Freedom Service Ribbon(Silk Ribbon). Top Quality US Made Medal Case. NOTE: The third photo shows you the Helen Keller’s female PMOF and the 4th photo shows you the female PMOF of Margaret Hilda Thatcher, not for sale!

WW1 German Imperial Mecklenburg Schwerin Military Merit Cross iron badge medal

WW1 German Imperial Mecklenburg Schwerin Military Merit Cross iron badge medal

WW1 German Imperial Mecklenburg Schwerin Military Merit Cross iron badge medal

WW1 German Imperial Mecklenburg Schwerin Military Merit Cross iron badge medal.

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

Ww2 Victory Medal With Sterling Silver Glider Badge Very Rare-own History

PLEASE FOLLOW OUR E BAY STORE. SALE SEE OUR STORE. PLEASE READ WHOLE ADD. We do not want your feed back. We want your repeat business. We get that by posting new items at a fair price. 325th Glider Infantry Regiment. Two additional glider missions (“Galveston” and “Hackensack”) were made just after daybreak on June 7, delivering the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment to the 82nd Airborne. The hazards and results of mission Elmira resulted in a route change over the Douve River valley that avoided the heavy ground fire of the evening before, and changed the landing zone to LZ E, that of the 101st Airborne Division. The first mission, Galveston, consisted of two serials carrying the 325th’s 1st Battalion and the remainder of the artillery. Consisting of 100 glider-tug combinations, it carried nearly a thousand men, 20 guns, and 40 vehicles and released at 06:55. Small arms fire harried the first serial but did not seriously endanger it. Low releases resulted in a number of accidents and 100 injuries in the 325th (17 fatal). The second serial hit LZ W with accuracy and few injuries. Mission Hackensack, bringing in the remainder of the 325th, released at 08:51. The first serial, carrying all of the 2nd Battalion and most of the 2nd Battalion 401st GIR (the 325th’s “third battalion”), landed by squadrons in four different fields on each side of LZ W, one of which came down through intense fire. 15 troops were killed and 60 wounded, either by ground fire or by accidents caused by ground fire. The last glider serial of 50 Wacos, hauling service troops, 81 mm mortars. And one company of the 401st, made a perfect group release and landed at LZ W with high accuracy and virtually no casualties. By 10:15, all three battalions had assembled and reported in. With 90 percent of its men present, the 325th GIR became the division reserve at Chef-du-Pont. See also: List of military aircraft of the United_States § Glider. United States Army, Army Air Forces, and Air Force. Major General Henry “Hap” Arnold. Acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air becoming Commanding General of the United States Army Air Forces. On March 9, 1942, initiated a study with view to develop a glider capable of being towed by aircraft. This directive was set into motion through Classified Technical Instructions (CTI-198 on 24 February 1941, and CTI-203 on 4 March 1941), which authorized the procurement of 2-, 8-, and 15-place gliders and equipment. Eleven companies were invited to participate in the experimental glider program, but only four responded with any interest, Frankfort Sailplane Company. (XCG-1, XCG-2), Waco Aircraft Company. (XCG-5, XCG-6), and Bowlus Sailplanes. Only Waco Aircraft Company was able to deliver the experimental glider prototypes that satisfied the requirements of Materiel Command, the eight-seat Waco CG-3. (modified to become a production nine-seat glider) and the fifteen-seat Waco CG-4. In October 1941, Lewin B. Was made Glider Specialist, Air Staff, HQ of the Army Air Forces, answering to General Arnold, and placed in charge of the glider program. The shock of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On 7 December 1941 prompted the United States to set the number of glider pilots needed at 1,000 to fly 500 eight-seat gliders and 500 fifteen-seat gliders. The number of pilots required was increased to 6,000 by June 1942. After Barringer was lost at sea on a flight to Africa in January 1943, the program came under direction of Richard C. Bigger gliders, such as the 30-troop Waco CG-13A. And the 42-troop Laister-Kauffman CG-10. A were designed later. Army film describing the use of military gliders during Operation Market. Duration: 1 minute and 51 seconds. The most widely used type was the Waco CG-4A, which was first used in the invasion of Sicily. In July 1943 and participated in the D-Day. Assault on France on 6 June 1944, and in other important airborne operations in Europe, including Operation Market Garden. In September 1944 and the crossing the Rhine. In March 1945, and in the China-Burma-India Theater. The CG-4A was constructed of a metal and wood frame covered with fabric, manned by a crew of two and with an allowable normal cargo load of 3,710 lb. Allowing it to carry 13 combat-equipped troops or a jeep or small artillery piece. The CG-10 could hold 10,850 lb of cargo, such as two howitzers. The final glider mission of the war was at Luzon. On 23 June 1945. By the end of the war, the United States had built 14,612 gliders of all types and had trained over 6,000 glider pilots. The designs of the Waco Aircraft Company were also produced by a wide variety of manufacturers including Ford Motor Company. And Cessna Aircraft Company. As well as furniture, piano and coffin manufacturers. Following World War II, the United States maintained only one regiment of gliders. Gliders were used in military exercises in 1949, but glider operations were deleted from the United States Army. S capabilities on 1 January 1953. However, the United States Air Force. Continues to use sailplanes. At the United States Air Force Academy. To train cadets in the fundamentals of flight. United States Navy and Marine Corps. In April 1941, United States Navy. Proposed that the Navy develop amphibious gliders with flying-boat. Hulls with a goal of deploying an amphibious glider force capable of delivering an entire United States Marine Corps. Of 715 men to a hostile beachhead, the gliders to be towed by Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina. The Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics. Developed specifications for two types of amphibious glider, a single-hulled type which could carry 12 passengers and a twin-hulled type that could carry 24 passengers. Two companies, the Allied Aviation Corporation. And the Bristol Aeronautical Corporation. Received contracts to produce 100 gliders, and plans called for the procurement of 12,000 more amphibious gliders if the concept proved successful. No twin-hulled glider was built, but each company constructed the prototype of a single-hulled amphibious glider, the XLRA-1. By Allied Aviation and the XLRQ-1. The two prototypes made their first flights in early 1943, but by the time they did the Navy and Marine Corps already had concluded that the use of gliders to deliver Marines to beachheads was impractical. No further examples of the two glider types were built, and the Navy officially terminated the amphibious glider program on 27 September 1943. Testing of the two prototypes continued until early December 1943, apparently in connection with the development of a glider bomb. The Marine Corps established a glider training unit in early 1942 at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. Using non-amphibious Pratt-Read LNE-1. Army Air Forces Waco CG-4A. Non-amphibious gliders for evaluation under the Navy designation LRW-1. Neither of these initiatives resulted in operational use of gliders by the U. Navy or Marine Corps.

WW1 Germany Imperial iron cross badge vaulted medal WWII US war Vet estate 1914

WW1 Germany Imperial iron cross badge vaulted medal WWII US war Vet estate 1914

WW1 Germany Imperial iron cross badge vaulted medal WWII US war Vet estate 1914

WW1 Germany Imperial iron cross badge vaulted medal WWII US war Vet estate 1914

WW1 German Prussia 1914 Iron Cross Order Crown medal Imperial badge WWII Knight. Website come with a 100% lifetime guarantee of authenticity. Here is your chance to own a gorgeous vaulted Imperial era Iron Cross 1st class. Great patina to this one. This example would display well with other items from the period and is sure to please! Another original item from. I never grade my items as mint, even though may be. If for any reason you require additional photos, please do not hesitate to ask. View My Other Items For Sale. Auctiva offers Free Image Hosting and Editing. Auctiva gets you noticed! Track Page Views With. Auctiva’s FREE Counter.

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

WWII Korean Vietnam Wars Badge Pin 16 Medals Of Charles B Fralick Air Force

There are no personal names written on the back of any of the medals. Please check all pictures carefully as they are part of the description. Any questions please ask. If you have a moment, please check out my other items. Thanks for looking and have a nice day!

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin cross badge medal uniform WW2 Vet iron parade ribbon bar

WW1 Imperial German pin iron cross badge medal uniform WW2 parade ribbon mount. Website come with a 100% lifetime guarantee of authenticity. Here we have a nice 4 place medal bar. All pieces exhibit period wear and are with matching patina. Included is a Karl Troop Cross, a Hindenburg Cross w/ Swords, an Austrian War Commemorative Medal, and a Hungarian War Commemorative Medal. DRGM marked metal backing. An exceptional medal bar overall. Don’t miss out! Another original item from. I never grade my items as mint, even though may be. If for any reason you require additional photos, please do not hesitate to ask. View My Other Items For Sale. Auctiva offers Free Image Hosting and Editing. Auctiva gets you noticed! Track Page Views With. Auctiva’s FREE Counter.

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian Medal Badge USSR Order of Red Banner #68440 St Silver

WW II Soviet Russian medal badge USSR Order of Red Banner # 68440, original, sterling silver. ?????????????????????????? , ?????????????????????? , ????????????? 1943???? . ????????????????? , ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? , ???????? , ??????????????????????? , ??????????????????????? . ????????? , ????????????????? , ???????????????????? , ???????????????????? . ?????????? , ?????????????????????????????????????? .